Bharat’s heritage is a testament to the strength, beauty and wisdom of women. Across the country; Mandirs, forts, palaces, and artistic depictions celebrate their divine grace, intellectual contributions, and valour. As we commemorate International Women’s Day on March 8th, let us delve into the historical marvels that honor the role of women in shaping Bharat’s cultural and architectural legacy.
1- Women in Mandir Sculptures: The Divine and the Powerful
Mandirs throughout Bharat serve as impressive honour to Shakti, the sacred feminine energy, depicting women in multiple venerated manifestations. Portrayed as Matas, celestial dancers (apsaras), scholars, fighters, or caregivers, these sculptures serve not only as artistic wonders but also as cultural and spiritual representations of women’s strength, elegance, and intelligence. These Mandirs emphasise the essential role of women in mythology, spirituality, and society, honoring their existence as both creators and guardians of life.
The divinity of mother goddess worship is ages old, and the sanctity of this practice has been taught to us since childhood. However, questions often arise: how old is this practice, and since when did it become a part of the Bharatiya sub-continent? To answer these questions, we must look at archaeological findings and historical texts.
Archaeology, the study of human history through recovered evidence, offers insights into the culture, beliefs, and policies of past civilisations. The modern-day Bharatiya culture, with an antiquity of more than 5000 years, originated in the valleys of the River Saraswati and River Indus. The worship of the mother goddess can be traced back to this civilisation, with evidence found in archaeological excavations. The antiquities uncovered suggest that the worship of the mother goddess likely began during this period.
Excavations in this region have revealed beautiful figurines of the Mother Goddess, made of baked clay, depicting both gentle and fierce forms. A significant number of fierce Mother Goddess idols have been discovered at an archaeological site called Kulli, located in Baluchistan, which is in present-day Pakistan. These idols suggest the worship of a fierce form of the goddess. It is noteworthy that one of the 52 Shakti Peethas, Hingalaj Peeth, is also located in Baluchistan, which further connects this region to the veneration of the Mother Goddess.
Moreover, some scholars believe that the depiction of the goddess Mahishasura-mardani, who is shown slaying the demon Mahishasura, is also rooted in the Saraswati-Indus Valley Civilisation. This argument is based on the discovery of an engraving on a clay tablet, where a human figure is depicted holding a spear and slaying a buffalo—an image closely resembling the modern-day depiction of Mahishasura-mardani.
Additionally, figurines of females have been found at Nausharo in Baluchistan, where female figures wearing sindoor (vermilion) on their foreheads were recovered. The tradition of married women wearing sindoor is still prevalent in Bharatiya culture today, showing the enduring nature of such practices.
Shells, especially those from marine species like conchs, were profusely utilised to make bangles and other decorative items during the Saraswati-Sindhu Civilisation. Sites like Chanhudaro and Rojadi are filled with such workshops which were manufacturing shell bangles in large quantity and this unbroken tradition is still prevalent in eastern Bharat where married woman take pride in bearing shell bangles.
In the Bharatiya Vedic tradition, the earth is revered as the mother of all living beings, trees, plants, and all that exists. A notable discovery from Harappa includes a baked clay tablet depicting a woman with a plant emerging from her womb. This symbolises the earth as the creator of all life, reinforcing the worship of the earth as a mother goddess.
From the historical period, persuasive evidence of mother goddess worship has been found in the city of Mathura. Archaeological excavations there have uncovered idols of various Matas such as Durga, Saraswati, Lakshmi, Parvati, Varahi, Chamunda, Indrani, Vaishnavi, and others. The idols crafted in Mathura laid the foundation for future depictions of mother Matas, further cementing the reverence for feminine divinity.
Thus, it can be indisputably stated that the worship of the Mother Goddess is a continuous tradition that has existed since time immemorial. It is an integral part of the Sanatana culture, one of the oldest and continuously living culture in the World. Modern-day Bharatiya society is the progeny of this ancient tradition, which is around 5000 years old. It is evident that the Bharatiya people have every reason to take pride in this rich and enduring ancestry.
1.1- Khajuraho Mandirs (Madhya Pradesh): A Tribute to Feminine Expression
Constructed during the 10th and 11th centuries by the Chandela dynasty, the Khajuraho Mandir complex is a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its detailed sculptures illustrating different facets of life, featuring women as dancers, musicians, lovers, and divine entities.
The Mandirs, particularly the Kandariya Mahadeva Mandir and Lakshamana Mandir, feature many representations of apsaras (heavenly dancers) in graceful poses, highlighting the esteem for feminine beauty and artistic creativity.
Numerous carvings depict women participating in intellectual and ritual activities, emphasising their involvement in spiritual and academic endeavors.
In contrast to merely decorative images, these sculptures honor women’s liberation, elegance, and strength, highlighting their significance beyond traditional domestic roles.
1.2- Konark Sun Mandir (Odisha): The Power and Grace of Women
An architectural wonder of 13th-century Kalinga, the Konark Sun Mandir, constructed by King Narasimhadeva I, is celebrated for its portrayal of celestial figures known as Alasa Kanyas (elegant young women).
The Mandir showcases beautiful sculptures of women in dance positions, playing instruments, and participating in self-decoration, honoring their artistic and aesthetic endeavors.
Certain representations illustrate women as warriors, safeguarding the Mandir grounds, symbolising their resilience and protective role within the community. The female figures depicted here represent intelligence, sensuality, and strength, illustrating a comprehensive portrayal of women’s roles.
1.3- Meenakshi Mandir (Tamil Nadu): The Deity Who Governs
The Meenakshi Amman Mandir located in Madurai stands out in Bharatiya Mandir architecture because it is among the rare Mandirs where the main deity is a Mata—Meenakshi, a form of Parvati.
The Mandir, constructed in the era of the Pandya dynasty, depicts Mata Meenakshi as a scholarly warrior queen and a divine leader, challenging conventional male-dominated religious practices.
Meenakshi is portrayed as a formidable Ma wielding arms, representing her function as a guardian and leader.
The elaborate sculptures and frescoes likewise illustrate her marriage to Bhagwan Shiva, portraying her as an equal counterpart, symbolising gender equity and reverence.
1.4- Chennakesava Mandir (Karnataka): Females in Authority and Insight
Situated in Belur, Karnataka, the Chennakesava Mandir, constructed in the 12th century, is renowned for its stunning Hoysala-style carvings that depict women in strong and intellectual positions.
The walls of the Mandir display sculptures of women with books and scrolls, representing their involvement in education and leadership.
Lady playing Holi and female archer, some of the most intricate sculptures from Indian arts, from Channakeshav Temple, Belur (Photos by author)
Additionally, there are representations of female warriors dressed in armor and brandishing weapons, challenging the stereotype of women as passive figures in history.
The Mandir’s detailed dance carvings, especially the Madanika figures, showcase women’s profound link to classical arts and spiritual expression.
1.5- Virupaksha Mandir (Karnataka): The Contribution of the Queen
The Virupaksha Mandir at Pattadakal was notably enlarged by Queen Lokamahadevi of the Chalukya dynasty to honor her husband’s triumphs.
The Mandir includes sculptures of women engaging in Vedic rituals, highlighting their involvement in spiritual and religious rites.
Numerous sculptures illustrate Mata Durga vanquishing Mahishasura, emphasising the concept of Shakti (female power) as the supreme guardian.
The Mandir’s past highlights the active participation of women in royal families in the building and sponsorship of Mandirs.
1.6- Lingaraj Mandir (Odisha): Sacred Female Energy in Shiva Adoration
The Lingaraj Mandir in Bhubaneswar, honoring Bhagwan Shiva, significantly reveres the feminine aspect of divinity, Mata Parvati.
The Mandir features detailed sculptures of Parvati in meditation, representing a woman’s steadfast strength and commitment.
Numerous sculptures illustrate women engaged in prayer, meditation, and sacred rituals, emphasising their significant involvement in spiritual activities.
The representations of Ganga and Yamuna, embodiments of holy rivers, further emphasise the belief in women as bearers of life and symbols of purity.
1.7- 64 Yogini Mandirs (Madhya Pradesh and Odisha): the celestial divinities
The 64 Yogini Mandirs in Bharat are dedicated to the 64 Yoginis, revered as potent and divine female deities, frequently linked to tantric rituals and veneration. These Mandirs are distinguished by their unique architectural styles and cultural importance, with the majority constructed between the 9th and 12th centuries. They were predominantly established by the Tantrik and Shaiva traditions, particularly during the medieval era. Typically, the Mandirs feature circular or square enclosures and are often situated in secluded or sacred areas, such as hilltops or forests.
Among these, the Mandirs located in Bhubaneswar, Odisha and Morena, Madhya Pradesh are the most renowned, with other significant Mandirs found in Khajuraho and Jabalpur in MP and Ranipur Jharial in Odisha. Each Mandir comprises 64 to 81 individual shrines or niches surrounding a central shrine, all dedicated to the 64 Yoginis. These Mandirs embody a fusion of spirituality, artistry, and mystical practices, with the Yoginis representing cosmic energy, protection, and the divine feminine essence.
Bharatiya Mandirs are more than just sites for prayer—they function as vibrant museums that honor the strength, intelligence, and elegance of women. From deities and heavenly dancers to fighters and thinkers, Mandir carvings celebrate the diverse roles women have held throughout time. These representations serve as eternal symbols of Shakti, emphasising the notion that women are the foundation of creation, preservation, and defense.
While we commemorate International Women’s Day, these Mandirs serve as a reminder that women have consistently played a vital role in Bharat’s cultural, spiritual, and intellectual legacy. Their narratives, etched in stone, persist in motivating generations to acknowledge, honor, and celebrate the strength of femininity.
2- Forts and Palaces
Monuments are not merely made of stone and mortar; they embody the powerful stories of women who shaped history with their vision, love, and leadership.
While history often emphasises male rulers, Bharat’s landscape is filled with magnificent monuments that owe their existence to influential women. From majestic tombs to detailed Mandirs, these structures serve as enduring symbols of love, devotion, and ambition. Whether a queen honoring her husband, an empress influencing architectural styles, or a ruler strengthening her realm, these women have left a lasting legacy. Their creations continue to inspire, fusing art, culture, and history in awe-inspiring ways.
Bharat’s past is filled with tales of brave queens, bold warriors, and visionary female leaders who challenged societal conventions to safeguard and rule their territories. The forts and palaces connected to these influential women serve not only as historical sites; they are vibrant testaments to their courage, intelligence, and leadership.
2.1- Rani Padmini’s Palace (Chittorgarh, Rajasthan): A Sign of Valor and Commitment
Situated in the magnificent Chittorgarh Fort, Rani Padmini’s Palace represents beauty, intellect, and the highest sacrifice. Rani Padmini, the historic queen of Mewar, is celebrated for her bold act of self-immolation (jauhar) to safeguard her honor from Alauddin Khilji’s attack in the 14th century.
The palace, encircled by a tranquil water reservoir, is thought to be the location where Alauddin Khilji caught sight of Padmini’s reflection in a mirror—an event that ignited his obsession and resulted in the siege of Chittorgarh.
The fort’s high walls and bastions narrate the tale of Rajput pride and defiance, particularly the sacrifice of countless Rajput women who preferred death to dishonor.
Today, it continues to serve as a strong emblem of Rajput pride, motivating generations with the story of Rani Padmini’s bravery and steadfast spirit.
2.2- Jhansi Fort (Uttar Pradesh): The Battleground of Rani Lakshmibai
The Jhansi Fort, located on Bangira Hill, is a significant emblem of defiance linked to Rani Lakshmibai, the famed queen who battled against British colonial dominance during the first war of independence in 1857.
The fort’s enormous stone walls and battlements provided Lakshmibai a secure base as she commanded her troops against the British army. The Khanderao Gate and Shankar Garh Bastion in the fort still show the marks of the fierce struggle where Lakshmibai, with her baby son strapped to her back, bravely battled British soldiers.
The Rani Mahal (Queen’s Palace) of the fort displays artifacts and artworks that illustrate Lakshmibai’s courageous nature and military skills.
Her iconic escape on horseback, jumping from the fort walls, stands as one of the most revered stories of courage in Bharatiya history.
2.3- Ahilya Fort (Madhya Pradesh): The Heritage of Maharani Ahilyabai Holkar
Situated above the Narmada River in Maheshwar, Ahilya Fort was constructed by Maharani Ahilyabai Holkar, a prominent female ruler in Bharat’s history.
Ahilyabai Holkar was a valiant fighter and a remarkable administrator, turning Maheshwar into a hub of culture, commerce, and spirituality.
The fortress, featuring detailed stone sculptures and tranquil courtyards, acted as her royal abode and management center.
During her leadership, the area thrived with the building of various Mandirs, dharamshalas (rest houses), and ghats, many of which endure as a symbol of her commitment to the welfare of the community.
The fort has been transformed into a heritage hotel, enabling guests to experience the magnificence of her reign and observe her enduring influence on Bharatiya heritage and Mandir design.
2.4- Keladi Fort (Karnataka): The Fortress of Rani Chennamma of Keladi
The Keladi Fort is associated with Rani Chennamma of Keladi, who governed the Keladi Kingdom (currently located in Karnataka) during the 17th century.
When the forces of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb endangered her realm, she declined to yield and safeguarded Rajaram, the offspring of Maratha king Shivaji, opposing Mughal authority.
The fortress, encircled by thick woodlands and robust stone barriers, functioned as a tactical defense establishment against adversary assaults.
Chennamma’s rule was characterised by effective governance, military defiance, and diplomatic skill, establishing her as one of Karnataka’s most renowned warrior queens.
Today, the fort remains a quiet but strong homage to her resistance against the formidable Mughal empire.
2.5- Kittur Fort (Karnataka): The Battlefield of Rani Chennamma
The Kittur Fort was the location of one of the first revolts against British authority, spearheaded by the courageous Rani Chennamma of Kittur in 1824.
After the British refused her the ability to adopt an heir following her husband’s passing, she initiated an armed uprising against colonial authority.
The ruins of the fort, featuring bastions, subterranean tunnels, and durbar halls, attest to her courage and tactical warfare.
Although she was ultimately seised, her revolt motivated subsequent freedom fighters and continues to represent early defiance against British control.
2.6- Devagiri Fort (Maharashtra): The Heritage of Queen Rudrama Devi
The Devagiri Fort, referred to as Daulatabad Fort, is linked to Rudrama Devi, one of the rare women who governed in medieval Bharat.
As the ruler of the Kakatiya dynasty, she challenged gender conventions and effectively resisted attacks from strong adjacent kingdoms.
The fortress, constructed atop a steep incline with hefty stone barriers, offered robust protection and was almost unbeatable by foes.
Her leadership and military tactics enabled her to safeguard her kingdom from outside dangers, demonstrating that women can be powerful leaders and fighters.
2.7- Gohad Fort (Madhya Pradesh): The Fortress of Rani Avantibai
The Gohad Fort is linked to Rani Avantibai Lodhi, a queen who rose in rebellion against British governance during the revolt of 1857.
Rani Avantibai commanded a force of tribal fighters against the British during one of the initial uprisings in Central Bharat. The fortress served as her military command center, where she planned tactical assaults on colonial troops.
Though she perished in battle, her bravery and leadership transformed her into a symbol of defiance against British tyranny.
2.8- Jaisalmer Fort (Rajasthan): The Resounding Legacy of Rani Karnavati’s Jauhar
The Jaisalmer Fort, among the largest living forts globally, is famous for the brave action of Rani Karnavati, who orchestrated mass self-immolation (jauhar) to safeguard Rajput dignity.
In the face of the Afghan invaders’ siege, Rani Karnavati and countless Rajput women opted for death rather than disgrace in a blasing sacrifice.
The fort, featuring its golden sandstone walls, contains centuries-old tales of Rajput bravery and sacrifice.
The Palace of the Queens within the fort showcases the splendor and strength of the Rajput royal ladies.
These forts and palaces are monuments to the bravery, wisdom, and strength of Bharat’s warrior queens and royal ladies. Their unwavering spirit, engraved into the surfaces of these magnificent edifices, keeps inspiring generations.
As we commemorate International Women’s Day, let us pay tribute to these remarkable women who influenced history and whose tales are etched in the stones of these grand monuments.
3- Women in Ancient Paintings and Murals
From rock-carved caves to magnificent palace paintings, the artistic representations of women in Bharatiya history emphasise their roles as caretakers, scholars, fighters, and divine beings. These artworks not only display their elegance and charm but also highlight their roles in society, governance, and spiritual customs.
3.1- Ajanta and Ellora Caves (Maharashtra): The Women of Bharat: Spiritual and Intellectual
The Ajanta and Ellora caves, which date from the 2nd century BCE to the 10th century CE, feature some of the most beautiful frescoes and sculptures illustrating women in diverse roles.
The murals in the Ajanta Caves, created during the Vakataka dynasty, portray women as Buddhist intellectuals, artists, performers, and spiritual mentors.
The painting of Bodhisattva Padmapani features celestial women, embellished with jewelry and fine drapery, symbolising their spiritual elegance and knowledge.
The Ellora Caves, especially the Kailasa Mandir, display Matases and apsaras (heavenly dancers) in active stances, emphasising their power and divinity.
3.2- Lepakshi Mandir (Andhra Pradesh): The Mythical Representations of Women
Constructed in the 16th century, the Lepakshi Mandir is renowned for its detailed murals depicting mythological tales featuring women in key roles.
The murals vividly depict Mata Parvati, heavenly maidens, and apsaras, each symbolising various facets of feminine strength—elegance, intellect, and loyalty.
A well-known mural in this location is the Virabhadra painting, showcasing Mata Parvati and other divine women as key players in cosmic conflicts.
The detailed frescoes adorning the ceilings and walls of the Mandir depict women involved in storytelling, artistry, and religious ceremonies, emphasising their significance in cultural and spiritual customs.
3.3- Shekhawati Havelis (Rajasthan): The Majesty of Rajput Queens and Noble Women
The Shekhawati area in Rajasthan is famous for its exquisitely adorned havelis (mansions), showcasing intricate frescoes of Rajput queens, noblewomen, and deities.
These frescoes, from the 18th to 19th centuries, illustrate women in regal clothing, participating in traditional rituals, riding elephants and horses, and taking part in music and dance.
The murals showcase the impact of women in Rajput culture, depicting them as supporters of the arts, fighters, and guardians of tradition.
Numerous Shekhawati frescoes likewise portray Rani Sati, a famed Rajput warrior woman, highlighting her power and dedication.
3.4- Padmanabhapuram Palace (Kerala): The Regal Women of Kerala
Constructed in the 16th century, the Padmanabhapuram Palace features beautiful murals that provide insights into the lives of the royal women.
The murals illustrate queens, princesses, and noblewomen involved in governance, literature, and artistic activities.
Certain artworks depict royal women engaging in political discussions with ministers, reflecting their participation in governance matters.
The murals depict women executing traditional dances, playing musical instruments, and participating in Mandir ceremonies, emphasising their influence as cultural and spiritual figures.
3.5- Brihadeeswara Mandir (Tamil Nadu): The Queens of War and Their Followers
The BrihadeeswaraMandir, constructed by Rajaraja Ist of the great Chola dynasty in the 11th century, features old frescoes and sculptures that depict women as strong leaders and devoted followers.
The murals illustrate the queens and noblewomen of Rajendra Chola engaged in Mandir rituals, highlighting their spiritual devotion.
Certain frescoes depict female warriors, showcasing the impact of Chola queens who were involved in leadership and military endeavors.
The paintings of the Mandir also portray dancing apsaras, highlighting the artistic roles of women in Mandir customs.
3.6- Ramnagar Fort (Uttar Pradesh): The Cultural Legacy of Banaras Queens
Situated in Varanasi, the Ramnagar Fort contains ancient murals and paintings illustrating the lives of royal women from the Banaras dynasty.
The wall paintings inside the fort portray queens and princesses in ornate clothing, participating in literature, poetry, and religious rituals.
Certain artworks depict female scholars and poets, highlighting their intellectual influence in royal courts.
The frescoes in the Durbar Hall of the palace emphasise the impact of women in governance and their positions as counselors to rulers.
Thanjavur Maratha Palace (Tamil Nadu): The Support of Women in the Arts
Constructed in the 17th century, the Thanjavur Maratha Palace is decorated with colorful murals that highlight the impact of royal women on art and culture.
The frescoes illustrate Maratha queens endorsing Mandir festivities, encouraging classical dance styles such as Bharatanatyam, and engaging in religious rites.
The murals additionally depict female warriors, representing their combat training and tactical skills.
Certain painting galleries in the palace showcase portraits of powerful women leaders, highlighting their influence on Thanjavur’s cultural legacy.
3.8- Mattancherry Palace (Kerala): The Impact of Women in Royal Customs
The Mattancherry Palace, referred to as the Dutch Palace, contains some of the most exquisite murals from the 16th century, illustrating Hindu Matas and members of royalty.
The murals feature Ma Lakshmi, Saraswati, and Durga, emphasising the idea of Shakti (feminine energy) within Hindu culture.
The frescoes in the palace illustrate scenes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata, showcasing women as central figures in influencing history and fate.
Certain artworks depict royal women participating in Mandir ceremonies, diplomatic gatherings, and cultural celebrations, highlighting their diverse contributions to governance and tradition.
From the rock-hewn caves of Ajanta to the magnificent murals of Kerala’s palaces, the artistic representations of women in Bharatiya history honor their intellect, power, and cultural impact. These murals not only showcase their roles as caretakers and scholars but also underscore their contributions as fighters, supporters of the arts, and spiritual guides.
In celebrating International Women’s Day, let’s pay tribute to these remarkable women whose narratives are immortalised in Bharat’s beloved murals and paintings.
4- Architectural Marvels Initiated by Women
Across Bharatiya history, numerous extraordinary women have been instrumental in influencing the nation’s architectural legacy. Although numerous monuments are frequently credited to kings and male leaders, many queens, noblewomen, and female patrons played significant roles in commissioning, designing, and constructing architectural marvels. These buildings serve as proof of their vision, guidance, and commitment to culture, spirituality, and leadership.
4.1- Chandraprabhu Jain Mandir (Rajasthan): A Queen’s Impact on Jain Heritage
It is believed that Rani Padmini of Mewar supported the Chandraprabhu Jain Mandir in Jaisalmer, which is a stunning representation of Jain Mandir architecture.
The Mandir, honoring Chandraprabhu, the 8th Jain Tirthankara, features elaborate carvings, stunning domes, and intricate marble sculptures.
In medieval Bharat, Jain queens and noblewomen frequently backed the building of Mandirs, contributing to the expansion of Jain culture and philosophy.
This Mandir stands as evidence of the support from royal women in influencing Bharat’s spiritual and artistic legacy.
4.2- Rani Ki Vav (Gujarat): A Queen’s eternal remembrance for her King
Rani Ki Vav, situated in Patan, Gujarat, is recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage site, celebrated for its remarkable stepwell architecture and intricate sculptural art.
Constructed in the 11th century under the Solanki dynasty, it was commissioned by Queen Udayamati in honor of her late husband, King Bhimdev I.
This seven-story stepwell features exquisitely carved sculptures and representations of deities, Matas, and figures from mythology. It was intended not only as a practical water source but also as a sanctuary for spiritual reflection. The exceptional artistry and architectural ingenuity of Rani Ki Vav exemplify the brilliance of ancient Bharatiya engineering and artistic expression.
Mahisasuramardini from Rani ki Vav, Patan (11th cen. CE)
Women in Bharatiya history have not merely inspired monumental creations; they have also served as architects, patrons, and visionaries in their own capacity. From palaces and Mandirs to mosques and stepwells, their impact on Bharat’s architectural scenery is undeniable.
On this International Women’s Day, let us acknowledge and pay tribute to the regal architects, visionary leaders, and noble benefactors whose contributions continue to influence Bharat’s cultural legacy.
5- Folklore and Legends Etched in Heritage
Bharat’s vibrant folklore, spoken traditions, and regional tales preserve the narratives of courageous, clever, and tough women. These stories, transmitted across generations, are frequently represented in Mandirs, monuments, tribal art, and holy places that still motivate individuals today.
Places where folklore and legends celebrate the power of women:
5.1- Dholkal Ganesh (Chhattisgarh): Tribal Women as Guardians of Belief
Concealed deep within the Dantewada woods of Chhattisgarh, the Dholkal Ganesh statue rests on a secluded hill, enveloped by tales of tribal women who safeguarded their gods and customs.
Local legends suggest that the Gondi tribal women were vital in protecting the idol from attackers and maintaining the integrity of their beliefs.
This ancient 1000-year-old murti of Bhagwan Ganesha represents resilience, showcasing how women in tribal communities have served as warriors, protectors, and cultural keepers. Even now, women from tribes conduct rituals and uphold sacred customs linked to the site.
5.2- Matrika Mandirs (Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, etc): The Matas of the Divine Mother
The Matrika Mandirs, located in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, are devoted to the Matrikas, a set of seven or eight mother Matas regarded as guardians and fighters.
The Matrikas (Brahmani, Maheshwari, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamunda, and Narasimhi) are shown as strong female divinities that support gods in combat and protect dharma.
These Mandirs pay tribute to the nurturing strength and safeguarding abilities of women, highlighting their dual role as caregivers and formidable fighters.
Devi Chamunda, one of the fiercest form of Sapta-martrika, 8th century CE, Bhubaneswar (Photo be author)
The Bateshwar Mandir Complex in Madhya Pradesh and the Matrika statues at the Modhera Sun Mandir in Gujarat highlight their sculptures and stories, emphasising the profound cultural importance of divine femininity. Odisha state museum and Mandirs at Bhubaneswar holds some of the most stunning panels of Sapta Matrikas.
5.3- Gond Art & Warli Paintings (Madhya Pradesh & Maharashtra): Women as Narrators and Cultural Stewards
The Gond and Warli tribes from central and western Bharat utilise art as a means to safeguard folklore, frequently illustrating women as key figures in community life, storytelling, and cultural practices.
Gond art (Madhya Pradesh) illustrates women as guardians of the woods, narrators of tales, and emblems of fertility, frequently showcasing Matas and mythical queens in vivid designs.
Warli paintings (Maharashtra) feature straightforward but impactful symbols of women engaging in rituals, gathering crops, leading dances, and directing communities, highlighting their position as leaders and guardians of culture.
These artistic expressions not only embody folklore but also act as a vibrant proof of the strength, resilience, and wisdom of tribal women.
5.4- Roopmati’s Pavilion (Madhya Pradesh): The Courage and Affection of a Warrior Queen
The Roopmati Pavilion, found in Mandu, is a historic site linked to Rani Roopmati, a poetess and warrior queen celebrated for her wisdom and bravery.
Folklore suggests that Rani Roopmati was profoundly in love with Sultan Baz Bahadur, yet when attacked by enemy troops, she opted for death rather than disgrace, illustrating her courage and indomitable spirit.
The pavilion, located on a hilltop, provides a stunning view of the Narmada River, which Roopmati is said to have revered each day.
This location represents a testament to love, sacrifice, and the steadfast resilience of women throughout history.
5.5- Bhimbetka Rock Shelters (Madhya Pradesh): The Function of Women in Prehistoric Societies
Recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Bhimbetka rock shelters contain some of the oldest known artworks in Bharat, which are over 10,000 years old.
Numerous rock paintings illustrate women participating in everyday tasks such as hunting, dancing, and conducting rituals, highlighting their vital role in ancient human communities.
Certain scenes depict female fighters and shamans, suggesting that women occupied leadership and spiritual roles even in ancient times.
These historic caves retain the heritage of early women as guardians, caregivers, and narrators through art that has endured throughout ages.
5.6- Kamakhya Mandir (Assam): The Commemoration of Female Strength
The Kamakhya Mandir, a highly esteemed Shakti Peetha in Bharat, is fundamentally intertwined with feminine divinity and myth.
Devoted to Ma Kamakhya, the Mandir honors the creative and regenerative force of women.
As per legend, the Mandir signifies the location where Mata Sati’s womb descended, rendering it a representation of fertility and motherhood.
The Ambubachi Mela, a yearly celebration in this region, pays tribute to the natural rhythms of women, emphasising the profound spiritual and cultural reverence for femininity.
5.7- Devi Talab Mandir (Punjab): The Mata of War in Legends
The Devi Talab Mandir in Jalandhar, Punjab, is dedicated to Ma Durga, and local legends recount the tale of a warrior queen who protected the Mandir from intruders.
- It is claimed that the Mandir is more than 200 years old and is enveloped in tales of female guardians.
- It showcases a statue of Ma Kali, representing intense feminine power and the ability to combat oppression.
- The tale linked to this Mandir persists in motivating women to harness their inner power and determination.
5.8- Sati Stones of Rajasthan: Commemorations of Women’s Resilience and Sacrifice
Throughout Rajasthan, Sati stones (memorials dedicated to women who performed Sati) frequently feature engravings of women’s hands, representing their sacrifice and resilience.
These stones act as historical accounts of the perception of women in Rajput traditions, frequently celebrated for their bravery and loyalty.
Although the custom of Sati has been prohibited, these stones serve as reminders of women’s strength and the importance of recognising their narratives from a contemporary viewpoint.
Numerous sites have now evolved into spaces where women are revered as guardians and divine figures, highlighting the progression of their legacy.
The narratives of women in Bharatiya folklore and heritage encompass not only accounts of beauty and devotion but also of courage, leadership, and strength. These locations—be they Mandirs, forts, artworks, or tribal stories—honor the strength of women and their unmatched impact on history and culture. And these are just a small cache of collection which we have handpicked from countless of such historic places and stories from our glorious past which are spread across the length and breath of our nation.
In celebrating International Women’s Day, let’s pay tribute to these amasing stories and guarantee they keep inspiring generations to come.
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