Human Rights Day is observed annually on December 10, commemorating the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. Widely regarded as a cornerstone of global human rights advocacy, the UDHR enshrines the ideals of freedom, equality, and dignity for all individuals. This year’s theme, “Our Rights, Our Future, Right Now”, highlights the urgent need to translate human rights principles into immediate action for a more equitable and sustainable future.
The UDHR, proclaimed in Paris, stands as a universal blueprint for protecting the inalienable rights of all individuals, regardless of race, religion, gender, or other status. It has been instrumental in shaping global and national laws, and its principles are deeply embedded in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Highlighting the day’s significance, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) stated, “Human Rights Day is an opportunity for various stakeholders to reflect on their responsibilities and ensure they do not contribute to violations of human rights.”
UN Secretary-General António Guterres reinforced this sentiment, noting that human rights are foundational for peaceful and inclusive societies. A UN resolution further emphasized that by embracing the full potential of human rights, humanity can forge a better future, with these principles serving as a preventative and transformative force.
However, amidst global observances, urgent attention is needed on the atrocities faced by Hindus in Bangladesh. Reports of targeted violence, discrimination, and attacks on minority communities in the region highlight persistent human rights violations. Temples have been desecrated, homes destroyed, and individuals targeted simply for their religious identity, raising questions about the effectiveness of international frameworks in safeguarding vulnerable communities.
Advocacy groups have called for greater international intervention and accountability to address these issues. Human Rights Day serves as a reminder that human rights must extend to every individual, and violations—whether systemic or isolated—must be addressed urgently.
Ancient Indian Traditions and the Concept of Human Rights
India’s rich cultural heritage reflects a profound commitment to human rights, deeply rooted in its ancient traditions. From the moral philosophies of the Vedic era to the constitutional framework of modern India, the idea of fundamental rights has been a central theme. Ancient Indian scriptures, such as the Rigveda and epics like the Ramcharitmanas, resonate with values of equality, justice, and freedom.
Historically, Indian society prioritized social justice, upholding the dignity of individuals beyond distinctions of caste or creed. In ancient texts like the Gautama Dharmasutra, the responsibilities of rulers were clearly defined, emphasizing the protection of all beings, fair governance, and guiding individuals toward righteousness. Similarly, texts like the Arthashastra and the Mahabharata present an ideal model of governance, asserting that the happiness and welfare of the people are intrinsically linked to the responsibilities of the ruler.
The role of women in ancient Indian society also highlights the inclusive nature of its traditions. Women not only had access to education but were revered as scholars, poets, and thinkers. Notable female figures, such as Vishwara of the Atrikula and Apala, contributed to the Rigveda, while Gargi participated in philosophical debates in the court of King Janaka. This reflects a society where women held significant intellectual and social rights, which were supported by an education system that promoted accessibility and equality.
The idea of human rights in the Hindu perspective has gained global recognition. Prestigious universities like Oxford, Cambridge, and Harvard have included the Hindu viewpoint on human rights as a subject of study, emphasizing its relevance in the modern era. The Hindu philosophy of human rights aligns with the principles of international human rights frameworks, resonating with the goals of global peace and social equity.
India’s constitution, crafted after centuries of colonial rule, reaffirms these values by enshrining fundamental rights. The commitment of Indian traditions to freedom of thought, worship, and equality continues to influence global discussions, with international organizations like the United Nations acknowledging these contributions.
Human Rights Day In India
Bharat’s National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), established under the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA) in 1993, has upheld these ideals for over three decades. As a vanguard of human rights protection in the country, the NHRC plays a critical role in addressing violations, raising awareness, and influencing policies that safeguard individual and collective rights.
Since its inception on October 12, 1993, the NHRC has been instrumental in addressing human rights concerns across Bharat. By November 2024, the Commission had registered a staggering 23,14,794 cases and disposed of 23,07,587. Among these, 2,880 cases were taken up suo motu, reflecting the NHRC’s proactive stance on critical issues. Over the years, it has recommended monetary relief amounting to Rs 256.57 lakh to victims, a testament to its commitment to justice and accountability.
In the past year alone (December 2023 to November 2024), the Commission registered 65,973 cases, resolving 66,378, including backlogs. It initiated suo motu proceedings in 109 cases and recommended an impressive Rs 17.24 crore in monetary relief. Notably, the NHRC held a special camp in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, as part of its outreach efforts to address human rights issues directly at the community level.
The NHRC’s work spans a wide array of human rights concerns. It has taken decisive action in cases ranging from workplace harassment of women in sports to advocating for free housing for the homeless and compensating victims of communal riots. The Commission has also addressed farmer suicides due to indebtedness and recommended changes to 97 discriminatory laws against persons with Hansen’s disease.
Key advisories issued by the NHRC have covered critical issues such as:
- Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM)
- Mental health
- Informal workers’ rights
- The right to food and health
- Environmental pollution
These advisories, coupled with reviews of bills, laws, and conferences, underscore the NHRC’s role as both a protector and promoter of human rights in Bharat.
The NHRC has appointed 14 Special Rapporteurs who conduct assessments of human rights conditions across different regions of the country. They visit shelters, prisons, and other institutions, preparing detailed reports with actionable recommendations. Additionally, 21 Special Monitors focus on specific human rights themes, ensuring a sustained effort in addressing pressing issues.
The Commission’s 12 core groups on various human rights themes engage with experts and government officials to formulate well-rounded recommendations. Open house discussions and national consultations further facilitate multi-stakeholder dialogue, ensuring comprehensive solutions.
Recognising the importance of education in promoting human rights, the NHRC has prioritised outreach and capacity-building initiatives. In the past year:
- Over 44 universities participated in orientation programs on human rights mechanisms.
- 55 collaborative workshops, six moot court competitions, and multiple internships were organised.
- Debates were held with Central Para-military forces and State Police organisations to foster awareness of human rights.
A new program introduced this year focused on sensitising IAS, IPS, and IFS officers, equipping them with a deeper understanding of human rights. This initiative is designed to ensure that human rights principles are integrated into governance at all levels.
The NHRC’s HRCNet Portal has revolutionised public access to justice. By connecting with state authorities and integrating with over five lakh Common Service Centers and the National Government Services Portal, the platform enables individuals to file complaints online and track their status in real time. This initiative demonstrates the Commission’s commitment to leveraging technology for greater inclusivity and efficiency.
