As India marks the tenth anniversary of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) on October 2, 2024, it is an opportune moment to reflect on the significant strides made toward achieving a cleaner, healthier nation.
The initiative, celebrated annually on Mahatma Gandhi’s birthday, aims to eliminate open defecation, improve solid waste management, and enhance awareness around sanitation, particularly menstrual health management. This monumental campaign has seen the participation of millions across the nation, reflecting a collective commitment to cleanliness and hygiene.
The Swachh Bharat Mission is a restructured version of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan initiated in 2009. However, India’s journey toward better sanitation began much earlier, with formal programs dating back to 1954. This evolution included the Central Rural Sanitation Programme in 1986, the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) in 1999, and the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan in 2012.
Phase 1 of the Swachh Bharat Mission was set with an ambitious goal: to achieve an ODF status for the country by the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi on October 2, 2019. This endeavor led to the construction of approximately 90 million toilets across rural and urban India. Additionally, the mission sought to eradicate manual scavenging, change public behavior towards sanitation, and empower local governance structures.
As the mission transitioned into Phase 2 (2020–2025), the focus shifted to sustaining the ODF status, improving solid and liquid waste management, and enhancing the welfare of sanitation workers. These efforts align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, specifically target 6.2, which aims for equitable access to sanitation and hygiene facilities for all.
The SBM was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at Rajghat, New Delhi, symbolically linking the campaign to Gandhi’s vision of a clean India. The initiative engaged over three million government employees, students, and citizens, uniting them in the goal of cleanliness across 4,043 urban and rural areas. Prime Minister Modi termed the campaign “Satyagrah se Swachhagrah,” drawing parallels between this mission and Gandhi’s historic Champaran Satyagraha.
The mission operates on a dual structure: “SBM – Gramin” (rural) managed by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation and “SBM – Urban” overseen by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. The rural component involves a multi-tier governance mechanism to ensure effective implementation, with financial support aimed at constructing nearly 90 million toilets from 2014 to 2019.
While significant progress has been made—declining from 776 million individuals practicing open defecation in 2000 to approximately 157 million in 2022—challenges persist. In rural areas, some individuals still choose not to utilize newly constructed toilets, leading to criticisms of coercive measures employed to enforce toilet usage.
The government allocated approximately $5.8 billion for toilet construction across 700,000 villages, with the overall budget for the mission estimated at $28 billion.
The SBM encourages citizens to actively participate in the mission, embodying the spirit of collective responsibility that Gandhi envisioned. As part of the initiative, individuals are motivated to dedicate 100 hours of labor annually towards cleanliness. Notable personalities, including Mridula Sinha, Sachin Tendulkar, and Priyanka Chopra, have joined this cause, leveraging their influence to inspire action.
The campaign promotes a creative platform for volunteers to share their cleanliness efforts through social media, using the hashtag #MyCleanIndia. This participatory approach fosters a sense of community and accountability in striving for a cleaner India.
Beyond sanitation, the Swachh Bharat Mission aspires to create a greener India through extensive tree planting initiatives and a commitment to eliminating waste. This dual focus not only aims to enhance public health but also to improve India’s image as a tourist destination. An unclean environment often deters potential visitors, making cleanliness crucial for promoting tourism and national pride.
