The Global Nature Conservation Index (NCI) 2024 has sparked significant debate regarding its credibility and methodology, particularly in the case of India’s ranking. Positioned 176th out of 180 countries, India’s placement starkly contrasts with its globally acknowledged achievements in biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and sustainable development. The NCI’s reliance on secondary sources and its disregard for India’s critical contributions to domestic and international environmental initiatives undermine the index’s validity. This article highlights the flaws in the NCI’s evaluation approach, showcasing India’s robust conservation efforts, from legislative frameworks to landmark initiatives like Project Tiger, the Namami Gange Programme, and Mission LiFE.
Additionally, the NCI has completely ignored India’s pivotal role in international environmental initiatives, such as the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment), the International Solar Alliance (ISA), and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI). These initiatives underscore India’s leadership and commitment to fostering global cooperation on biodiversity conservation and climate change. By neglecting these contributions, the report diminishes India’s accomplishments and fails to provide a balanced perspective on its global environmental stewardship.
Domestically, India has implemented robust legislative frameworks and measures to safeguard its biodiversity. The enactment of the Biological Diversity Act (2002) and its amendment in 2023, along with associated rules, represents a comprehensive effort to regulate and conserve biological resources. Provisions such as the establishment of Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs), the notification of Biodiversity Heritage Sites, and protections for threatened species highlight India’s commitment to addressing biodiversity challenges. Furthermore, the empowerment of State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) to oversee access to resources and implement conservation measures underscores the country’s proactive approach. The omission of these efforts from the NCI is a glaring oversight that calls into question the robustness of its evaluation criteria.
While the NCI aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of global conservation efforts, its reliance on flawed methodologies and exclusion of critical national achievements undermine its relevance and credibility. For such indices to contribute meaningfully to global conservation discourse, they must incorporate accurate, context-specific data and acknowledge the efforts of nations like India in both domestic and international arenas. Without these improvements, the NCI risks being dismissed as an inadequate and biased tool for evaluating global conservation performance.
India’s Commitment to Forest Conservation
India has made remarkable strides in forest conservation and environmental protection. The country boasts 1,022 Protected Areas covering 178,640 square kilometers, which constitutes approximately 5.43 per cent of its total geographical area. Furthermore, the nation’s forest cover has shown consistent growth, rising from 21.23 per cent in 2013 to 21.71 per cent in 2021. According to the FAO’s Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020, India possesses 72.16 lakh hectares of forest cover, placing it among the top ten forest-rich countries globally. These achievements underscore India’s dedication to preserving its natural heritage and contributing to global ecological balance.
Conservation Initiatives: Conservation of Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs)
India’s commitment to preserving its ecological diversity is reflected in the establishment of Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) around 487 protected areas. These zones act as transition regions between areas of high conservation value and those that are more developed. By regulating activities like mining, deforestation, and industrial expansion, ESZs ensure the integrity of protected habitats. The zones not only shield wildlife from external pressures but also promote eco-friendly practices and livelihoods for communities living near these areas. Such measures reinforce India’s resolve to maintain a balance between economic development and environmental sustainability.
Expansion of Ramsar Sites
The number of Ramsar sites, recognised wetlands of international importance, has grown remarkably in India, from 26 in 2014 to 85 in 2024. Wetlands serve as critical ecosystems that provide water filtration, flood control, and habitats for migratory birds and aquatic species. India’s focus on expanding Ramsar sites highlights its acknowledgement of wetlands’ ecological and economic value. These sites also contribute to climate resilience by acting as carbon sinks and preserving biodiversity. This expansion aligns with global commitments under the Ramsar Convention, showcasing India’s proactive role in wetland conservation.
Tiger Conservation Success Story
India, home to more than 70% of the global tiger population, has made extraordinary progress in tiger conservation. The number of tiger reserves has increased to 55, with the tiger population growing from 2,226 in 2014 to 3,682 in 2022. This success is attributed to initiatives under Project Tiger, including habitat restoration, anti-poaching measures, and community participation. India’s efforts are not just a national achievement but a global model of large carnivore conservation. The consistent rise in tiger numbers demonstrates the effectiveness of scientific management and strong policy frameworks.
Project Lion: Securing Asiatic Lions
India’s Project Lion has been instrumental in ensuring the survival and growth of the endangered Asiatic lion population in the Gir Landscape. From a mere 284 individuals in 1990, their numbers have increased to 674 in 2020. This remarkable recovery is the result of habitat management, prey base augmentation, and stringent anti-poaching measures. The project also emphasises coexistence by involving local communities and reducing human-lion conflicts. The conservation of Asiatic lions not only safeguards a keystone species but also enhances the ecological integrity of the Gir ecosystem.
Reintroduction of Cheetahs in India
A historic milestone in global wildlife conservation is India’s reintroduction of cheetahs into their natural habitat through the world’s first inter-continental large carnivore translocation project. Extinct in India since 1952, cheetahs are now being reintroduced from Africa into carefully chosen habitats. This ambitious project symbolises India’s determination to restore ecological balance and revive its natural heritage. It also opens avenues for ecotourism, biodiversity conservation, and research, marking a new chapter in India’s conservation efforts.
Conservation of Asian Elephants
India hosts the largest population of wild Asian elephants, with approximately 30,000 individuals spread across 33 Elephant Reserves. These reserves serve as critical habitats for elephants, ensuring their survival and reducing human-elephant conflicts. Conservation efforts include the establishment of corridors for safe migration, anti-poaching measures, and initiatives like Project Elephant. These steps not only protect elephants but also preserve the forests they inhabit, which are vital for water security and climate regulation. India’s commitment to elephant conservation reflects its broader goal of sustaining its rich biodiversity.
Stable Leopard Population
India’s leopard population, estimated at 13,874 individuals in 2022, reflects stability compared to 12,852 in 2018. This consistency highlights the effectiveness of conservation measures such as habitat protection, anti-poaching efforts, and public awareness campaigns. Leopards, being apex predators, play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. Their stable population is a positive indicator of healthy forest ecosystems. India’s efforts ensure that leopards, often overshadowed by tigers and lions, receive the attention and protection necessary for their continued survival in the wild.
Namami Gange Recognised as UN World Restoration Flagship Project
The Namami Gange Programme, aimed at rejuvenating the River Ganga and its tributaries, has been honoured as a World Restoration Flagship Project by the United Nations. This prestigious recognition underscores the Indian government’s steadfast commitment to conserving and rejuvenating natural ecosystems while ensuring their sustainable development. Namami Gange focuses on restoring the ecological health of the Ganga basin through integrated river management, pollution abatement, and community engagement. The program’s success highlights India’s leadership in promoting environmental restoration and enhancing the ecosystem services that benefit millions who depend on these vital waterways.
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)
India’s NBSAP, submitted on October 31, 2024, to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Portal, aligns with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF). This plan focuses on protecting terrestrial and marine biodiversity, restoring degraded ecosystems, and mitigating biodiversity threats through measures such as pollution control and invasive species management. A strong emphasis is placed on species conservation, sustainable resource use, and enhancing wildlife corridors to reduce habitat fragmentation. India’s approach underscores community engagement in biodiversity governance, fostering inclusive and participatory conservation efforts.
National Biodiversity Targets
India submitted its National Biodiversity Targets on September 10, 2024, ensuring full alignment with KMGBF goals. These targets reflect India’s commitment to implementing biodiversity actions in accordance with national circumstances, priorities, and capabilities. The targets address critical aspects of biodiversity preservation, including ecosystem restoration and sustainable use of natural resources.
Long Term Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS)
In November 2022, India submitted its LT-LEDS to the UNFCCC, highlighting a strategic pathway for reducing greenhouse gas emissions while ensuring equitable and fair participation in the Global Carbon Budget. The strategy includes key components such as:
Transitioning to low-carbon electricity systems.
Developing an efficient and inclusive low-carbon transport network.
Promoting climate-resilient urban development through energy-efficient building designs and sustainable urbanisation.
Decoupling economic growth from emissions by fostering low-emission industrial practices.
Enhancing forest cover and promoting CO₂ removal technologies.
Programs like the Smart Cities Mission and the National Action Plan on Climate Change are integral to these efforts, aiming to build a climate-resilient and sustainable future.
Adaptation Communication
India’s Adaptation Communication, submitted to the UNFCCC in 2023, outlines an integrated approach to tackling climate risks. It prioritises food security, energy efficiency, and water resource management. These strategies are implemented through comprehensive policies that address multiple challenges simultaneously, ensuring sustainable and resilient development for vulnerable sectors and communities.
Commitment to Climate Justice
India’s climate strategies are rooted in the principles of Climate Justice, ensuring fair access to the Global Carbon Budget while addressing developmental needs. This approach underscores India’s commitment to balancing environmental sustainability with socio-economic equity, reflecting its vision for an inclusive and sustainable future.
National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): A Comprehensive Framework
The National Action Plan on Climate Change serves as India’s overarching framework to address climate change through an inclusive and sustainable development strategy. One of its key principles is protecting poor and vulnerable communities while promoting adaptation measures that enhance resilience. The NAPCC comprises nine national missions focusing on areas such as solar energy, enhanced energy efficiency, sustainable habitat, water, agriculture, Himalayan ecosystems, human health, green India, and strategic climate knowledge.
State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs): In alignment with the NAPCC, 34 States and Union Territories have developed their State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs). These plans emphasize state-specific strategies across sectors like water, health, agriculture, biodiversity, and energy, ensuring consistency with national objectives and fostering a localised approach to climate resilience.
India’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement: Under the Paris Agreement, India has committed to creating an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2030. This ambitious target is being achieved through afforestation, forest restoration, and community-based conservation initiatives, including active participation by Joint Forest Management Committees. Collaborative efforts across ministries and stakeholders, including state governments, are essential to meet these commitments.
National Mission for a Green India (GIM): The National Mission for a Green India (GIM) aims to protect, restore, and enhance India’s forest cover. The program is implemented through Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) in the participating States and Union Territories. Under this initiative, Rs. 944.48 crore has been released to 17 States and 1 Union Territory for activities such as plantation creation and eco-restoration.
Nagar Van Yojana (NVY): The Nagar Van Yojana (NVY) focuses on developing green spaces in urban and peri-urban areas. The scheme is executed through State/UT Forest Departments and Urban Local Bodies. A total of 546 projects across 31 States and Union Territories have been sanctioned, with Rs. 431.77 crore allocated for this purpose.
School Nursery Yojana (SNY): The School Nursery Yojana (SNY) aims to raise awareness among students about the significance of plants and motivate them to appreciate nature. This initiative is implemented in recognised public and private schools. Under the scheme, 743 projects in 19 States and Union Territories have been sanctioned with an outlay of Rs. 4.80 crore.
Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI): The MISHTI scheme has been introduced to restore and promote mangroves as unique and sustainable coastal ecosystems. It ensures the preservation and enhancement of coastal habitats. So far, Rs. 17.96 crore has been released for this initiative across Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Odisha, West Bengal, and the Union Territory of Puducherry.
Conservation and Management of Mangroves and Coral Reefs: Under the National Coastal Mission, the Ministry has provided financial support to coastal States and Union Territories for conserving mangroves and coral reefs. This initiative has benefited nine coastal States and one Union Territory, ensuring sustainable management of these critical ecosystems.
Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam Campaign: The “Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam” campaign, launched by Prime Minister on June 5, 2024, draws a symbolic parallel between Mother Earth nurturing nature and mothers nurturing human lives. Citizens are encouraged to plant trees as a gesture of love, respect, and honour for their mothers. The campaign promotes pledges to protect both trees and Mother Earth.
National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA): The Ministry is implementing the National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA) for the conservation and management of wetlands across the country. The scheme is carried out on a cost-sharing basis between the Central Government and respective State Governments to ensure the protection of these vital ecosystems.
Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA): Funds under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) are used to compensate for the loss of forests and ecosystem services caused by the diversion of forest land for non-forestry purposes. The scheme is implemented as per the provisions of the Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam, 1980.
Afforestation Targets under the Twenty Point Programme: The Ministry sets annual afforestation targets under the Twenty Point Programme, which are collectively achieved by States and Union Territories. These targets are fulfilled through Central and State Government schemes, as well as plantation efforts by NGOs, private organisations, and civil societies.
Promotion of Forest and Ecosystem Conservation: The Ministry promotes mass tree plantations and awareness about forest conservation on occasions like International Day of Forests, World Environment Day, Van Mahotsav, and Wildlife Week. Knowledge dissemination occurs through conferences, workshops, brochures, and signboards. Additionally, forest, mangrove, and wetland conservation is ensured by strictly enforcing relevant Acts, rules, and court orders.
India’s Progress in Carbon Sink Creation: As per India’s third National Communication to the UNFCCC in 2023, the country has achieved an additional carbon sink of 1.97 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent between 2005 and 2019. This milestone reflects India’s commitment to combating climate change through targeted afforestation and restoration initiatives.
India has demonstrated a steadfast commitment to biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and sustainable development, supported by comprehensive policies, innovative initiatives, and global partnerships. Despite its low ranking in the NCI 2024, India’s achievements, including its leadership in global coalitions and the success of domestic projects like Project Lion and the restoration of wetlands, are globally recognised. Moving forward, conservation indices like the NCI must adopt transparent, context-sensitive methodologies that accurately reflect national contributions. Only then can such evaluations serve as effective tools to foster global conservation efforts and acknowledge the strides made by countries like India in safeguarding the planet’s ecological future.
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