New Delhi: Do not limit yourself. You can go as far as your mind lets you. What you believe, remember, you can achieve. – Mary Kay Ash, American businesswoman and cosmetic giant
The history of the past 100 years of the Chinese Communist Party has many facets. A key aspect of Chinese foreign policy has been the so-called ‘enemy concept’. This has been profitably utilised by Beijing to strengthen its grip in world affairs.
The Iran-Iraq war was one such episode. Experts and old-timers would recall that with the beginning of the Iran-Iraq War I in 1980, China befriended Iran especially in terms of helping it in its military warfare with Iraq. This gave the Chinese a strategic advantage and considerable money.
In Chinese power games, ‘money’ does matter. A 2012 Bloomberg investigation estimated President Xi Jinping’s
close relatives owned assets worth billions of yuan. Politically it is given out that CCP members contribute up to 2
per cent of their income to party coffers.
In 2016, an official journal reported that about 7.08 billion yuan (US$1 billion) came from party leaders. In China, it is the party that does business directly managing hotels and factories and companies, said Jean-Pierre Cabestan of Hong Kong Baptist University, according to media reports.
Illicit fortunes made by China’s leaders and their families through lucrative investments are true but seldom reported.
During Iran-Iraq War, in fact there were various factors that led Chinese leadership to open up diplomatic channels with Iran. One reason was Beijing ‘increasingly found’ Iran as a bulwark against Soviet Union’s expansionist designs towards Persian Gulf.
The Sino-Soviet relationship had already collapsed in the sixties and there was also increased American presence on China’s border. Beijing by then believed ‘China comes first; and nothing else matters as much’.
In fact, therefore even after 1988 when Iran-Iraq conflicts had ended; Chinese arms exports to Iran continued and went beyond basic conventional weaponry.
In retrospective effect, one of the most controversial ‘arms transfers’ during Iran-Iraq War was Silkworm Missiles.
This was HY-2 anti-ship missile and a number of variations including air-launched, coastal and in water ship missiles.
Experts say this version of missile used liquid fuel and had coverage of approximate 95-100 km at a speed up to 475 miles per hour.
In addition, China also exported C-801 anti-ship cruise missile. It was later revealed that Iran had imported 100 C-801 missiles and 10 launchers by 1987.
Some US experts later claimed Iran even managed technical support and other assistance from China for improving its indigenous missile production.
The US administration also claimed in 1991 that the Iranian missile production facility was set up in Isfahaan, and that the new centre could produce HY-2 among other missiles.
China has a typical history of playing different games with different countries including India, and quite often New Delhi had fallen into their trappings.
The gory end of ‘Hindi-Chini bhai bhai’ came in the form of 1962 war. Of course, this left Jawaharlal Nehru exposed and personally shattered. Later in 1990s, China enhanced cooperation with India and made use liberalisation policy kicked off in 1991 and exploited India’s huge market.
Beijing gave New Delhi an impression that it would work together for a multi-nation world. The truth of the matter it used post-2008 economic recession world to emerge itself as Numero Uno and also harm India more ways than one. It is often argued that a specific ratio of Positives and Negativity is at play to make bilateral diplomacy between two countries work to make it satisfying to both sides.
But to make such theories work, a starting point is simple self-awareness. While China had the qualities and was aware of its intention and potentials in the past India’s foreign policy hardly worked with a futuristic vision and according to its potentials.
One major lacuna was while India cooperated and gave away its share of the cake including recognising Taiwan as part of China in 1950, it never sought diplomatic reciprocity for Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
Look at Beijing’s double standards in contrast, even while ensuring enhanced relationship with Iran, China was always cautious with regard Iraq. John Calabrese, a globally credited American foreign policy expert, once said, “China has scrupulously avoided personalising the Iraq problem and had maintained a dialogue with the Iraqi regime. Chinese statements critical of Iraq focused on specific behaviour, rather than on Saddam Hussein or members of his inner circle”.
In terms of civil liberty, a prominent Catholic leader John Lee even had to deliver a speech on July 2 at Kong Kong praising China’s imposition of a sweeping national security law in Hong Kong which came into effect last year.
