In a powerful tribute to one of Bharat’s greatest empires, the legacy of the Chola dynasty was celebrated in July 2025 during the Aadi Thiruvathirai Festival at the historic Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple in Tamil Nadu. The occasion spotlighted the remarkable conquests of Rajendra Chola I across Southeast Asia. Adding grandeur to the event, Prime Minister Narendra Modi attended the celebrations on July 27 and released a commemorative Rs 1,000 coin in honour of the emperor’s maritime achievements. The spectacular ceremony reignited national interest in Chola history and underscored their pioneering role in establishing naval supremacy—centuries before Western nations began asserting their maritime dominance.
The Origins of the Cholas
The Chola dynasty’s history can be broadly categorised into two distinct periods: the ancient Cholas, known through Sangam literature, and the medieval Cholas, who rose to prominence with Vijayalaya Chola in the 9th century. Inscriptions, such as the Tiruvalangadu copper plates, provide valuable insights into the Chola lineage. According to these plates, Rajendra Chola traces his ancestry to Cholavarman, said to be born to Bharata, son of Dushyanta. A close examination of these origin stories and lineages mentioned in the Vishnu Purana suggests that the Cholas may have indeed descended from Bharata, sharing a common ancestor with Shibi and Ram, potentially dating back around 7,000 years.
Locational Advantage in Seafaring
The Cholas’ marine supremacy likely began with the first Chola who settled in Poompuhar. Pattinap Palai, the Tamil Sangam text mentions trade with Elam (Sri Lanka) and Kadaram. A notable verse from Purananuru (66) highlights Karikal Chola’s mastery of navigation, leveraging wind currents to his advantage. The Cholas’ strategic location along the Coromandel Coast facilitated their dominance over key Indian Ocean trade routes, setting the stage for their later maritime achievements.
Role Of Song Dynasty In China
Rajendra Chola’s attack on Srivijaya (an empire in Sumatra) was a lightning strike that left a lasting impact, crippling the kingdom for centuries. This attack is intriguing, given the long-standing trade connections between the Cholas and Srivijaya, dating back to the 2nd century CE. During Rajaraja Chola I’s reign, the Sailendra dynasty ruler of Srivijaya built the Chudamani Vihara, a Buddhist monastery, in Nagapattinam with Rajaraja’s support. However, within years, Rajendra Chola launched a surprise attack on Srivijaya.
The Srivijaya kingdom’s strategic location controlled the Malacca Strait between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, as well as the Sunda Strait between Sumatra and Java, making it a crucial hub for maritime trade, particularly with China during the Song dynasty. The Chola kingdom’s trade guilds, including the Ainnururvar, Manimangalam, and Ayyavole, sought to expand their trade opportunities in China. However, according to Chinese chronicles cited by Tansen Sen, the Song Court denied them trading rights, citing that the Chola kingdom was “subject to Srivijaya.” (Tansen Sen, “Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations,” (2003), p. 224).
This denial of trading rights likely occurred towards the end of Rajaraja Chola’s reign and was reported to Rajendra Chola, who saw it as a challenge to Chola power. It appears that Srivijaya’s establishment of the Buddhist Vihara in Nagapattinam might have created a false impression of Chola subservience, leading the Song rulers to deny trading rights to Chola merchants. It is also opined that Srivijaya deliberately created an impression of supremacy over the Cholas which led to severe backlash by Rajendra Chola.Rajendra Chola’s diplomatic relations with the Khmer Empire (Kamboja) played a strategic role in his naval expedition to Srivijaya. It is believed that Rajendra Chola timed his attack on Srivijaya to coincide with the Khmer Empire’s assault on Tambralinga (southern Thailand), a region aligned with Srivijaya.
Cultural Exchanges with South East Asia
The success of Rajendra Chola’s naval expedition to Srivijaya further strengthened the relations between the Chola Empire and the Khmer Empire, leading to increased cultural exchanges. While there is no direct evidence that Chola sculptors were involved in building Angkor Wat, historians and art enthusiasts have noted similarities between Chola and Khmer architectural styles in terms of towering vimanas, intricate carvings and depicting Hindu puranas. The parallels seen in Angkor Wat, Brihadeeswara, and Gangaikonda Choleeswarar temples suggest a possible exchange of artistic and architectural ideas between the two civilisations.
A Testament to Devotion and Architectural Vision
Rajendra Chola’s military achievements were complemented by his devotion to Bhagwan Shiva, as evident in the temples he built to commemorate his victories. Notable temples include the Gangai Konda Choleeswara Temple in Ariyalur, marking his triumph over the Pala dynasty; the Kadaram Konda Choleeswara Temple in Vellore, dedicated to his victory over Kadaram; and the Vijayam Konda Choleeswara Temple in Cuddalore, celebrating his conquest of Srivijaya. These temples testify to Rajendra Chola’s attribution of his military successes to divine blessings, expressing gratitude by building temples in honour of Bhagwan Shiva.
Rajendra Chola’s Legacy: The Cholagangam Tank
Rajendra Chola’s military victory in the Ganga region marked his supremacy over the northern territories, commemorated by the construction of the Cholagangam tank, a “liquid pillar of victory” (Ganga Jalamayam Jayastambham) in his newly built capital, Gangaikonda Cholapuram. According to the Tiruvalangadu copper plates, this tank, presently known as Ponneri, was built after his conquest of Kadaram. In conclusion, Rajendra Chola left an indelible mark through his naval supremacy, maritime achievements, strategic vision, and cultural exchanges with distant lands, as well as his patronage of temple culture and water management. The grand celebration of the 1000th anniversary of his legendary expedition not only rekindled national pride but also highlighted India’s rich maritime heritage and his enduring service to Sanatana Dharma, solidifying the Cholas’ legacy as guardians of faith and pioneers of naval power.
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