Rani Abbakka Chowta, a pivotal 16th-century figure, hailed from the Chowta dynasty, an indigenous Jain ruling family that governed parts of coastal Karnataka, known as Tulu Nadu, from the 12th to the 18th centuries. A distinctive feature of this dynasty was its adherence to the matrilineal system of inheritance, known as ‘Aliyasantana’. This system, prevalent in martial communities where male members were frequently engaged in warfare, afforded women a more prominent role in managing family affairs and, crucially, in state governance.
This cultural and social structure was not merely a cultural practice but a fundamental factor that structurally enabled female rule and military training, distinguishing it from the patriarchal norms prevalent in many other contemporary Indian kingdoms and European societies. The ‘Aliyasantana’ system ensured that women were trained in “martial arts and state-craft”. This directly facilitated Abbakka’s rise and effectiveness as a warrior queen, demonstrating how specific social structures can empower individuals in ways atypical for their era, providing a unique foundation for her leadership.
Abbakka’s path to leadership was shaped by these unique traditions. Her uncle, Thirumala Raya, who ruled Ullal from 1510 to 1544, recognized her potential and provided her with extensive training in martial arts, military science, and statecraft. This rigorous preparation ensured she was well-versed in combat skills like archery and sword fighting and equipped her to lead the kingdom effectively. She was crowned queen, succeeding Thirumala Raya, with some accounts suggesting 1525 and others 1544.
Her administration further showcased the progressive nature enabled by her upbringing. Abbakka’s rule was characterized by its remarkable inclusivity, with Jains (her own faith), Hindus, and Muslims all well-represented in her court and government. This multi-religious composition extended to her army, which comprised individuals from various sects and castes, including the Mogaveeras (a fisher folk community) and Beary men, who were integral to her naval force. This inclusive approach fostered a strong and unified defense against external threats, particularly the expanding Portuguese colonial ambitions.
The Chowta dynasty’s matrilineal system was instrumental in shaping Rani Abbakka into the formidable ruler she became. It provided her with the foundational training and societal acceptance necessary to lead her kingdom in fierce resistance against the Portuguese, making her one of India’s earliest and most significant female freedom fighters.
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